Attention & Learning Disorders

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sometimes called attention deficit disorder (ADD), involves hyperactivity, difficulty paying attention and a tendency to act impulsively. Learning disorders involve problems with writing, math or reading (the best known of which is dyslexia). Oppositional defiant disorder is a related condition in which children oppose authority.

ADHD: Fast Facts

Reviewed By: Steven A. King, M.D.

• ADHD is an acronym for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
• ADHD is a set of chronic conditions marked by an inability to pay attention, hyperactivity and a tendency to engage in impulsive acts.
  
  
• Children with ADHD often struggle academically and may have difficulty establishing friendships and other relationships. As a result, they may develop poor self-esteem.
  
  
• There are three different forms of ADHD that affect children: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined.
  
  
• Predominantly inattentive ADHD is marked by difficulty paying attention.
  
  
• Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD is marked by difficulty controlling behavior.
  
  
• Combined ADHD combines symptoms of the other two forms of ADHD.
  
  
• Combined ADHD is the most common form of ADHD.
  
  
• Between 3 and 5 percent of school-aged children - or about 2 million children in the United States - have ADHD, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.
  
  
• Boys are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, but the condition affects girls as well.
  
  
• The exact cause of ADHD remains unknown.
  
  
• Scientists now believe that changes in brain structure are a leading cause of ADHD.
  
  
• Heredity also appears to play a role in the development of ADHD.
  
  
• Poor parenting or disruptions at home or school cannot cause ADHD, although they may exacerbate the condition.
  
  
• Diagnosis of AHD usually involves a variety of tests and interviews with parents, teachers and other adults who can describe the child's behavior.
  
  
• Medications called psychostimulant drugs are the most common treatment for ADHD and appear to be extremely effective.
  
  
• Psychotherapy is also helpful, particularly in children who are diagnosed with other disorders associated with ADHD.
  
  
• Specialized learning techniques can help children with ADHD to perform better in school.
  
  
• Parents can help their children to better deal with ADHD by providing additional structure to the child's life and making expectations clear.